Browse CFA Level 1

Chapter 2: Investors and Other Stakeholders

Chapter 2: Investors and Other Stakeholders (CFA Level 1): Key concepts, definitions, and exam tips with practical examples. Use it to reinforce intuition and avoid common pitfalls.

In this section

  • Lenders versus Shareholders
    Lenders versus Shareholders (CFA Level 1): Key Distinctions and Motivations, Debt Capital and Creditors’ Priorities, and Equity Capital and Shareholder Perspectives. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Stakeholder Groups and Their Interests
    Stakeholder Groups and Their Interests (CFA Level 1): Stakeholder Theory and Why It Matters, Key Stakeholder Groups, and Employees. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Stakeholder Conflicts and Agency Issues
    Stakeholder Conflicts and Agency Issues (CFA Level 1): Agency Relationship and Its Challenges, Separation of Ownership and Control, and Agency Problem. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Environmental, Social, and Governance Factors
    Environmental, Social, and Governance Factors (CFA Level 1): Why ESG Matters, Key ESG Factors, and Environmental Factors. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Activist Investors and Corporate Social Responsibility
    Activist Investors and Corporate Social Responsibility (CFA Level 1): Understanding Activist Investors, Key Techniques of Activist Investors, and Link between Activism and Corporate Governance. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Proxy Voting, Meetings, and Shareholder Resolutions
    Proxy Voting, Meetings, and Shareholder Resolutions (CFA Level 1): Proxy Voting Fundamentals, Why Proxy Voting Matters, and Proxy Statement. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Minority Shareholder Rights and Protections
    Minority Shareholder Rights and Protections (CFA Level 1): Importance of Minority Shareholder Protections, Core Challenges for Minority Shareholders, and Key Legal Protections. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Institutional Investors
    Institutional Investors (CFA Level 1): Key Types of Institutional Investors, Pension Funds, and Insurance Companies. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.
  • Communication Channels with Stakeholders
    Communication Channels with Stakeholders (CFA Level 1): Importance of Effective Communication, Key Communication Channels, and Annual Reports and Financial Statements. Key definitions, formulas, and exam tips.

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Chapter 1: Organizational Forms, Corporate Issuer Features, and Ownership
Chapter 3: Corporate Governance: Conflicts, Mechanisms, and Risks